Articulation Norms
The Iowa-Nebraska Articulation Norms are the recommended ages of acquisition for phonemes and clusters based generally on the age at which 90% of children correctly produce that sound. Vowels should have been acquired by the age of 3.
Age
3
3 1/2
4
4 1/2
5
5 1/2
6
7 8
9 |
males
m, n, h, w, p, b
t, d, k, initial f
g
-
initial y
tw, kw, v, final f
initial L, pl, bl, kl, gl, fl
voiced th, z, s, spl, sp, sm, st, sn, sk, skw, sw, sl, sh, ch, j, final L, ng
voiceless th, initial r, pr, br, tr,
dr, kr, fr, gr, final er thr, str, spr, skr
|
females
m, h, w, p, b, d
k, g, n, initial f
t, y, tw, kw
voiced th
initial L
v, final f, pl, kl, gl, fl
sh, ch, j, final L, voiceless th
z, s, sp, st, sk, sm, sn, sl,
skw, spl, sp, ng initial r, pr, br, kr, fr, tr,
dr, gr, final er thr, spr, str, skr
|
Phonological Process
Many school-age children have speech difficulty. Some have difficulty with one sound, while some have difficulty with an entire group of sounds. When it is a group of sounds, it refers to a phonological process.
Phonological Process
Unstressed Syllable Deletion
Final Consonant Deletion Consonant Assimilation Reduplication Velar Fronting Cluster Reduction Epenthasis Gliding Vocalization Stopping |
Description
leave out unstressed syllables
leave off last consonant of word one consonant in word influences another repeats first syllable twice phonemes /k/ and /g/ (back sounds) are substituted for front sounds consonant in cluster is omitted vowel is misplaced or inserted /r/ and /l/ are replaced by /w/ consonants are replaced by vowels fricative (ongoing) sounds are replaced by stops |
Example
tel phone (telephone)
boo (book) beb (bed) coke (coat) baba (bottle) doat (goat) Santa Caus (Claus) back (black) balack (black) wun (run) boyd (bird) toup (soup) pit (peach) |
Disappear by age
3
3 3 3 3 7 7 7 7 7 |